The book covers all the major subjects of school physics. Two types of lenses a convex lens is thicker at the center than at the edges. According to georgia state university, virtual images are formed at the location where the paths of the primary light rays intersect when projected backward from their direction beyond a lens. Luttermoser east tennessee state university edition 4. Light parallel to the principal axis a converges toward f after reflection from a concave mirror, and b diverges from f after reflection from a convex mirror. The book offers 580 numerated formulas and more than 155 figures. Basics of optics, laws of reflection and refraction, reflection from spherical mirrors, velocity of image, refraction at plane surfaces, prism theory, defects of images, refraction from curved surfaces. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. Mirrors and lenses physics science homework resources. Biconvex glass lens, spherical concave mirror, meter ruler, optical bench, lens holder, selfilluminated object generally a vertical arrow, screen. At certain distances objects will appear virtual whereas other locations will cause an image to appear larger, inverted, real, or erect. One of the easiest shapes to analyze is the spherical mirror.
As of 2010, mirrors and lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether or not they consciously perceive the use. Prereouisites before you begin this module, you should be able to. It bends light further away in the middle, more like the inside of a bowl. A system of lenses and or mirrors forms an image by gathering rays from an object and then causes them to converge or diverge. Apply the thinlens equation and the mirror equation to determine the focal length of a converging lens and mirror. Tippens, professor of physics southern polytechnic state university a powerpoint presentation by paul e. With a converging lens, paraxial rays that are parallel to the principal axis converge to the focal point, f. As all who have ever tried lens and mirror calculations know, the biggest difficulty we have to face is.
Reflection by plane mirror laws of reflection group experiment. Free physics books download ebooks online textbooks. Real image is formed when the light reconvenes and always inverted i. For mirrors and lenses we can use simple rules to trace the paths.
Physics 41 lab 5 determination of focal length of a converging lens and mirror objective. Because none of the rays actually emanate from the image, it is called a virtual image. For each object position, answer the following questions about the. In this book, we shall follow the cartesian sign convention. Quantum physics is a catchall term for the ideas, devices and technologies made possible by the development of quantum mechanics in the early part of the 20th century. Two different types of mirror are concave and convex mirror with different properties. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The image distance for a plane mirror is always equal to the object distance because the magnification is 1. Keep in mind that for an object to be considered a lens it must be made of a transparent material that has an index of refraction higher than air.
Physics mirrors are where light can be reflected and reconvened to form images. Determination of focal length of a converging lens and mirror. Selecting this option will search all publications across the scitation platform selecting this option will search all publications for the publishersociety in context. Chapter 36 lenses a powerpoint presentation by paul e. The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays constitutes a. Geometric optics converging lenses and mirrors physics lab iv objective in this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored.
A mirror is an object with at least one polished and therefore reflectivesurface. Newtonian physics includes both action at a distance e. Jun, 2008 we use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. In describing mirrors and lenses, the word object is used in a new way. Download introduction to physics 9th edition pdf download.
The three lenses all have different refractive indices, all radii of curvature are different. There are standard and innovative uses for mirrors. Choose your answers to the questions and click next to see the next set of questions. Lenses lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the light source is formed. In the two situations shown, the mirrors have the same focal lengths, and the object distance from the mirror to the. Apply the thinlens equation and the mirror equation to determine the focal length of a converging biconvex lens and mirror. A lens refracts light and creates an image that is either virtual or real. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks. General physics ii course lecture notes section xii dr.
This metamirror, an array of subwavelength pieces of shaped metal embedded in a transparent medium, can also be made to reflect light in a chosen direction or focus it like a curved. Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. With a smooth surface, light reflects without disturbing the incoming image. This property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. We use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Light rays follow a complex route as they encounter mirrors or pass through a. Mirrors and lenses flashcards at proprofs physics eqns and concepts. Using a ruler or other straight edge and the ray tracing methods described in this section, locate and draw the image of the pencil. Understanding of these two simple devices sets the stage for the module optical instruments, which utilizes various combination of lenses and mirrors to produce the instruments desired effects.
Homework resources in mirrors and lenses physics science. Physics to find out more about mirrors and lenses, visit the glencoe science. If we investigate how light is reflected by a mirror, we will find that the process is horrifically complex. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. A system of lenses andor mirrors forms an image by gathering rays from an object and then causes them to converge or diverge. Plane mirrors science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122014 department of curriculum and pedagogy a place of mind f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. A lens is a transparent device with two curved surfaces, usually made of glass or plastic, that uses refraction to form an image of an object. How images appear depends on the proximity of objects to the mirror. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of. Lenses remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well.
The task involved production of four identical six. General physics ii course lecture notes section xii. Ptolemy 2nd century wrote a book on optics, which however survives only in the. Spherical lenses and mirrors, crystal symmetry and optical instruments. So lets see how it goes, suppose that ive got an object out here in air and then ive got a piece of glass thats curved outward like this in a convex way. The thin lens equations are broadly applicable to all situations involving thin lenses and thin mirrors, as we will see later. This note concentrates on the ideas behind quantum mechanics itself, but the broader field of quantum physics encompasses everything from the science of electronic devices and lasers to the philosophical mysteries of quantum measurement theory. Free optics books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. A ray of light from the top of the chess piece reflects from the mirror. You can skip questions if you would like and come back. Spherical mirrors problems the physics hypertextbook. Download lecture notes optics pdf 57p download free online book chm pdf. Biconvex glass lens, spherical concave mirror, meter ruler, optical bench, lens. The bausch and lomb optical company has reported completion of a special project of nearly two years duration for the astrophysics laboratory of the vaticans observatory.
Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic, and are ground and polished. Exploring images with thin lenses and mirrors 2 of 20 the lens equation. Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. In going from point a to point b, reflecting off a mirror, the ray path actually. Mar 06, 2015 ordinary mirrors reflect light over a broad range of frequencies, but a new mirror design can reflect a single frequency while allowing all others through. Mirrors, which have curved surfaces designed to reflect rays, also form images. A real image is formed when the optical system causes the rays to converge to a point, a virtual image is formed at the location from which they seem to originate. When your exercise book is returned, read the feedbacks from the teachers carefully. If mirrors preserve the images that hit them, why do they turn left into right and vice versa.
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